Origins

Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups trace single uninterrupted genetic lineages back through tens of thousands of years. Here is how the trees are built and how Haeckel assigns you to a node.

Why most non-Africans carry roughly 2% Neanderthal DNA, why Melanesians carry the highest Denisovan fractions, and how Haeckel measures yours.

A short tour of the v4.0 inference pipeline: spatial thinning of the AIM panel, an MLE-EM solver, a bootstrap Wald test for signal versus noise, and a deconvolution step that fixes the admixed AMR reference panel.